./data folder.
sf::read_sf() function to load the data. Sampling is
straightforward: Apply the sf::st_sample to the loaded
shapefile, but make sure to apply the sf::st_as_sf()
function afterward to receive a full-fledged data table (with a geometry
column only).
immigrants_cologne.tif and
inhabitants_cologne.tif files in the ./data/
folder.
sf::st_buffer()
function. In that case, you should also set a descriptive statistics
function, e.g., with the option fun = mean and its helpful
companion option to consider missing values na.rm = TRUE.